Table of contents
Ethics
Classical ethics
- Aristotle “Nichomachean Ethics” “On Virtues and Vices”
Christian and Medieval ethics
Thomas Aquinas “Summa Theologica”
Saint Bonaventure “Commentary on the Sentences”
Duns Scotus “Philosophical Writings”
William of Ockham “Sum of Logic”
Modern ethics
G. E. M. Anscombe “Modern Moral Philosophy”
David Gauthier “Morals by Agreement”
Alan Gewirth “Reason and Morality”
Allan Gibbard “Thinking How to Live”
Susan Hurley “Natural Reasons”
Christine Korsgaard “The Sources of Normativity”
John McDowell “Values and Secondary Qualities”
Alasdair MacIntyre “After Virtue”
J. L. Mackie “Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong”
G. E. Moore “Principia Ethica”
Martha Nussbaum “The Fragility of Goodness”
Derek Parfit “Reasons and Persons”
Derek Parfit “On What Matters”
Peter Railton “Facts, Values, and Norms”
W. D. Ross “The Right and the Good”
Thomas M. Scanlon “What We Owe to Each Other”
Samuel Scheffler “The Rejection of Consequentialism”
Peter Singer “Practical Ethics”
Michael A. Smith “The Moral Problem”
Bernard Williams “Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy”
Postmodern ethics
Zygmunt Bauman “Postmodern Ethics”
Terry Eagleton “The Illusions of Postmodernism”
Bioethics
Don Marquis “Why Abortion is Immoral”
Paul Ramsey “The Patient as a Person” “Fabricated Man”
Judith Jarvis Thomson “A Defense of Abortion”
Meta-ethics (Metaethics)
- P. F. Strawson “Freedom and Resentment”
Epistemology
Laurence Bonjour “The Structure of Empirical Knowledge”
Luc Bovens “Bayesian Epistemology”
Stanley Cavell “The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy”
Roderick Chisholm “Theory of Knowledge”
Keith DeRose “The Case for Contextualism”
René Descartes “Discourse on the Method”, “Meditations on First Philosophy”
Edmund Gettier “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
Alvin Goldman “Epistemology and Cognition” “What is Justified Belief?”
Susan Haack “Evidence and Enquiry”
Hilary Kornblith “Knowledge and its Place in Nature”
Jonathan Kvanvig “The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding”
David K. Lewis “Elusive Knowledge”
G. E. Moore “A Defence of Common Sense”
Willard van Orman Quine “Epistemology Naturalized”
Richard Rorty “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature”
Bertrand Russell “The Problems of Philosophy”
Jason Stanley “Knowledge and Practical Interest”
Stephen Stich “The Fragmentation of Reason”
Peter Unger “Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism”
Timothy Williamson “Knowledge and its Limits”
Logic
Donald Davidson “Truth and Meaning”
Gottlob Frege “Begriffsschrift”
Kurt Gödel, “On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems”
Saul Kripke, “Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic”
Charles Sanders Peirce “How to Make Our Ideas Clear”
Alfred Tarski “The Concept of Truth”
Aesthetics
Theodor Adorno “Aesthetic Theory”
R.G. Collingwood “The Principles of Art”
Arthur C. Danto “After the End of Art”
Nelson Goodman “Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols”
George Santayana “The Sense of Beauty”
Metaphysics
Aristotle “Metaphysics”
D.M. Armstrong “Universals and Scientific Realism”
A. J. Ayer “Language, Truth, and Logic”
Rudolf Carnap “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”
David Chalmers “Constructing the World”
John Dewey “Experience and Nature”
William James “Pragmatism”
Immanuel Kant “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals”
James Ladyman, Don Ross, David Spurrett, John Collier “Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized”
John McDowell “Mind and World”
David Kellogg Lewis “On the Plurality of Worlds”
Stephen Mumford “Dispositions”
Derek Parfit “Reasons and Persons”
Willard Van Orman Quine “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” “On What There Is”
Theodore Sider “Writing the Book of the World”
Alfred North Whitehead “Process and Reality”
Timothy Williamson “Modal Logic as Metaphysics”
Ludwig Wittgenstein “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus” (a.k.a. The Tractatus)
Philosophy of the mind
D. M. Armstrong “A Materialist Theory of the Mind”
Peter Carruthers “The Architecture of the Mind”
David Chalmers “Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings” “The Character of Consciousness” “The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory”
Paul Churchland “Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind”
Andy Clark “Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension”
Daniel Dennett “Consciousness Explained”
Jaegwon Kim “Philosophy of Mind”
Ruth Millikan “Varieties of Meaning”
Gilbert Ryle “The Concept of Mind”
History of philosophy
Western civilization
- Bertrand Russell “A History of Western Philosophy”
Classical philosophy
Marcus Aurelius “Meditations””
Plato “Symposium” “Parmenides” “Phaedrus”
Christian and Medieval
Augustine of Hippo “Confessions” “The City of God”
Anselm of Canterbury “Proslogion”
Early modern
Sir Francis Bacon “Novum Organum”
Jeremy Bentham “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation”
Henri Bergson “Time and Free Will” “Matter and Memory”
George Berkeley “Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge”
Auguste Comte “Course of Positive Philosophy”
René Descartes “Principles of Philosophy” “Passions of the Soul”
Desiderius Erasmus “The Praise of Folly”
Johann Gottlieb Fichte “Foundations of the Science of Knowledge”
Hugo Grotius “De iure belli ac pacis”
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel “Phenomenology of Spirit” “Science of Logic” “The Philosophy of Right” “The Philosophy of History”
Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”
David Hume “A Treatise of Human Nature” “Four Dissertationss” “Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary” “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding” “An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals”
Immanuel Kant “A Critique of Pure Reason” “Critique of Practical Reason” “A Critique of Judgement”
Søren Kierkegaard “Either/Or” “Fear and Trembling” “The Concept of Anxiety”
Gottfried Leibniz “Discourse on Metaphysics” “New Essays Concerning Human Understanding” “Théodicée” “Monadology”
John Locke “Two Treatises of Government” “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
Niccolò Machiavelli “The Prince”
Karl Marx “The Communist Manifesto” “Das Kapital”
John Stuart Mill “On Liberty “Utilitarianism”
John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill “The Subjection of Women”
Michel de Montaigne “Essays”
Friedrich Nietzsche “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” “Beyond Good and Evil” “On the Genealogy of Morals”
Blaise Pascal “Pensées”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences” “Emile: or, On Education” “The Social Contract”
Arthur Schopenhauer “The World as Will and Representation”
Henry Sidgwick “The Methods of Ethics”
Adam Smith “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” “The Wealth of Nations”
Herbert Spencer “System of Synthetic Philosophy”
Baruch Spinoza “Ethics” “Tractatus Theologico-Politicus”
Max Stirner “The Ego and Its Own”
Mary Wollstonecraft “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”
Contemporary
Phenomenology and existentialism
Simone de Beauvoir “The Second Sex”
Albert Camus “Myth of Sisyphus”
Martin Heidegger “Being and Time”
Edmund Husserl “Logical Investigations” “Cartesian Meditations” “Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty “Phenomenology of Perception”
Jean-Paul Sartre, “Being and Nothingness” “Critique of Dialectical Reason”
Hermeneutics and deconstruction
Jacques Derrida “Of Grammatology”
Hans-Georg Gadamer “Truth and Method”
Paul Ricœur “Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation”
Structuralism and post-structuralism
Michel Foucault “The Order of Things”
Gilles Deleuze “Difference and Repetition”
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari “Capitalism and Schizophrenia”
Luce Irigaray “Speculum of the Other Woman”
Michel Foucault “Discipline and Punish”
Critical theory and Marxism
Theodor Adorno “Negative Dialectics”
Louis Althusser “Reading Capital”
Alain Badiou “Being and Event”
Jürgen Habermas “Theory of Communicative Action”
Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno “Dialectic of Enlightenment”
Georg Lukacs “History and Class Consciousness”
Herbert Marcuse “Reason and Revolution” “Eros and Civilization”
Eastern civilization
Chinese philosophy
“The Record of Linji”
Han Fei “Han Feizi”
Kongzi “Analects” “Five Classics”
Laozi “Dao De Jing”
Mengzi “Mengzi”
Sunzi “Art of War”
Zhou Dunyi “The Taiji Tushuo”
Zhu Xi “Four Books” “Reflections on Things at Hand”
Indian philosophy
“The Upanishads”
“The Bhagavad Gita” (“The Song of God”)
Aksapada Gautama “Nyaya Sutras”
Isvarakrsna “Sankhya Karika”
Kanada “Vaisheshika Sutra”
Patañjali “Yoga Sutras”
Swami Swatamarama “Hatha Yoga Pradipika”
Vyasa “Brahma Sutras”
Tami “Thiruvalluvar”
Islamic philosophy
- Al-Ghazali “The Incoherence of the Philosophers”
Japanese philosophy
Hakuin Ekaku “Wild Ivy”
Honen “One-Sheet Document”
Kukai “Attaining Enlightenment in this Very Existence”
Zeami Motokiyo “Style and Flower”
Miyamoto Musashi “The Book of Five Rings”
Shinran “Kyogyoshinsho”
Dogen Zenji “Shōbōgenzō”
Philosophy of other disciplines
Education
John Dewey “Democracy and Education”
Terry Eagleton “The Slow Death of the University”
Paulo Freire “Pedagogy of the Oppressed”
Martha Nussbaum “Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities”
B.F. Skinner “Walden Two”
Charles Weingartner and Neil Postman “Teaching as a Subversive Activity”
Religion
William Lane Craig “The Kalam Cosmological Argument”
J. L. Mackie “The Miracle of Theism”
Dewi Zephaniah Phillips “Religion Without Explanation”
Alvin Plantinga “God and Other Minds” “Is Belief in God Properly Basic”
William Rowe “The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look”
J. L. Schellenberg “Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason”
Richard Swinburne “The Existence of God”
Science
Paul Feyerabend “Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge”
Bas C. van Fraassen “The Scientific Image”
Nelson Goodman “Fact, Fiction, and Forecast”
Thomas Samuel Kuhn “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”
Larry Laudan “The Demise of the Demarcation Problem”
David K. Lewis “How to Define Theoretical Terms”
Karl Pearson “The Grammar of Science”
Karl Popper “The Logic of Scientific Discovery”
Hans Reichenbach “The Rise of Scientific Philosophy”
Mathematics
Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell “Principia Mathematica”
Paul Benacerraf “What Numbers Could not Be” “Mathematical Truth”
Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam “Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings”
George Boolos “Logic, Logic and Logic”
Hartry Field “Science without Numbers: The Defence of Nominalism”
Imre Lakatos “Proofs and Refutations”
Penelope Maddy “Second Philosophy”
Physics
Aristotle “Physics”
Michel Bitbol “Mécanique quantique : Une introduction philosophique” “Schrödinger’s Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics”
Chris Isham and Jeremy Butterfield “On the Emergence of Time in Quantum Gravity”
Tim Lewens “The Meaning of Science: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science”
Computer science
Scott Aaronson “Why Philosophers Should Care About Computational Complexity”
Judea Pearl “Causality”
Ray Turner “The Philosophy of Computer Science” “Computational Artefacts-Towards a Philosophy of Computer Science”
Neuroscience
John Bickle “Revisionary Physicalism” “Psychoneural Reduction of the Genuinely Cognitive: Some Accomplished Facts” “Psychoneural Reduction: The New Wave” ” Philosophy and Neuroscience: A Ruthlessly Reductive Account”
Patricia Churchland “Brain-Wise : Studies in Neurophilosophy” “Neurophilosophy : Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain”
Carl Craver “Explaining the brain : mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience”
Georg Northoff “Philosophy of the Brain: The brain problem”
Henrik Walter “Neurophilosophy of Free Will: From Libertarian Illusions to a Concept of Natural Autonomy”
Chemistry
- Jaap van Brakel “Philosophy of Chemistry”
Biology
Daniel C. Dennett “Darwin’s Dangerous Idea”
Ruth Garrett Millikan “Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories”
Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell”
Elliott Sober “The Nature of Selection”
Sociology
- B. F. Skinner “Science and Human Behavior”
Psychology
Donald Davidson “The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme”
William James “The Principles of Psychology”
Economics
Kenneth Arrow “Social Choice and Individual Values”
Ludwig von Mises “The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science”
Elizabeth S. Anderson “Value in Ethics and Economics”
Arts and Humanities
- Bernard Williams “Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline”
Art
Clive Bell “Art”
George Dickie “Art and the Aesthetic”
Music
- Roger Scruton “Music as an Art”
Literature
- Aristotle “Poetics”
Language
J. L. Austin, “A Plea for Excuses” “How To Do Things With Words”
Robert Brandom “Making it Explicit”
Stanley Cavell “Must We Mean What We Say?”
David Chalmers “Two Dimensional Semantics”
Cora Diamond “What Nonsense Might Be”
Michael Dummett “Frege: Philosophy of Language”
Gottlob Frege “On Sense and Reference”
H. P. Grice “Logic and Conversation”
Saul Kripke “Naming and Necessity”
David K. Lewis “General Semantics”
Willard Van Orman Quine “Word and Object”
Bertrand Russell “On Denoting”
John Searle “Speech Acts”
Ludwig Wittgenstein “Philosophical Investigations”
History
R.G. Collingwood “The Idea of History”
Karl Löwith “Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History”
Medicine
Mario Bunge “Medical Philosophy: Conceptual Issues in Medicine”
R. Paul Thompson and Ross E. G. Upshur “Philosophy of Medicines”
Law
Ronald Dworkin “Law’s Empire”
John Finnis “Natural Law and Natural Rights”
Lon L. Fuller “The Morality of Law”
H.L.A. Hart “The Concept of Law”
Politics
Aristotle “Politics”
Isaiah Berlin “Two Concepts of Liberty”
Robert Nozick “Anarchy, State, and Utopia”
Plato “Republic”
Karl Popper “The Open Society and Its Enemies”
John Rawls “A Theory of Justice”
Michael Sandel “Liberalism and the Limits of Justice”
Heuristic 